The squared norm of a four-vector a = (a^0, a^1, a^2, a^3) = a^0 + a is given in the standard basis using the + - - signature as 〈a, a〉 = (a^0)^2 - a·a and using the - + ++ signature as 〈a, a〉 = a·a - (a^0)^2,
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